A First-Century Synagogue in Capernaum? Issues of Historical Method in the Interpretation of the Archaeological and Literary Data

The question with which I am centrally concerned in this article is whether a first-century synagogue, understood as both a purpose-built structure and a formal institution of assembly, once stood in Capernaum beneath the site of its later limestone synagogue. I assess the question anew by providing methodological reflection from the perspective of Collingwoodian critical historiography. In section 2, I briefly present some of the most important aspects of Collingwood’s historical method, as well as a model of first-century synagogues based upon recent synagogue scholarship. I then use the method and the model to weigh the archaeological evidence in section 3 and the literary evidence of the Gospels in section 4. In section 5, I present my conclusion, which, while not novel in and of itself, emerges from the application of a method that, I suggest, helps to reset the terms of the debate over the presence of a first-century synagogue in Capernaum.