Biological and air monitoring of exposure to isocyanates

Carl Johan Sennbro

Biological and air monitoring of exposure to isocyanates

Carl Johan Sennbro

Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University

Research output: Thesis › Doctoral Thesis (compilation)

Abstract

Exposure to isocyanates may induce disorders in the airways of workers. Therefore, application, development and validation of methods for exposure assessment is of great importance. In the present study, we have determined the personal air and biomarker levels of isocyanates for a group of occupationally exposed workers (n=170) in different types of industrial processes. Also, the biomarker levels were determined for a control group consisting of occupationally unexposed workers (n=121). A method with filters impregnated with 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (2MP) was used for personal air monitoring of exposure in different types of manufacturing processes. The field performance of the 2MP method was evaluated. Short-term stationary measurements was collected in parallel with an impinger method using dibutylamine (DBA) in toluene. Also, the long-term performance was evaluated by parallel sampling with consecutive sampling by the 2MP method itself. The 2MP method was found to underestimate the air levels of some isocyanates. Correction factors were calculated that may adjust for these observed losses. A new bioanalytical method for determination of biomarkers of aromatic diisocyanates was validated. This method is more convenient, better characterized and more robust than previous methods. The biomarker levels of aromatic diisocyanates were determined in the two groups of workers and upper reference limits (URLs) were calculated. The URLs may be useful in a screening test to assess whether a worker is occupationally exposed to diisocyanates or not. The biomarkers of 4,4'-methylene diisocyanate (MDI) were present in 97% of the occupationally unexposed workers. This indicates an unknown source of background exposure. For the exposed workers, there were strong correlations between urinary and plasma biomarker levels of isocyanates and between air and biomarker levels of isocyanates. The biomarkers of toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI) and MDI were shown to be applicable as an index of exposure. For TDI, strategies for biological monitoring of exposure were established, and biological limit values were proposed.

Original language	English
Qualification	Doctor
Awarding Institution	Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University
Supervisors/Advisors	Jönsson, Bo A, Supervisor
Award date	2005 Feb 4
Publisher	Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University
ISBN (Print)	91-628-5957-9
Publication status	Published - 2005

Bibliographical note

Defence details

Date: 2005-02-04
Time: 13:15
Place: Lecture Hall F1, University Hospital, Lund.

External reviewer(s)

Name: Johanson, Gunnar
Title: Professor
Affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm

---

<div class="article_info">Carl Johan Sennbro, M Littorin, H Tinnerberg and BAG Jönsson. 2005. Upper reference limits for biomarkers of exposure to aromatic diisocyanates. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (inpress)</div>
<div class="article_info">Carl Johan Sennbro, CH Lindh, H Tinnerberg, H Welinder, M Littorin and BAG Jönsson. 2004. Biological monitoring of exposure to toluene diisocyanate. Scand J Work Environ Health, vol 30 pp 371-378. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</div>
<div class="article_info">Carl Johan Sennbro, CH Lindh, H Tinnerberg, C Gustavsson, M Littorin, H Welinder and BAG Jönsson. 2003. Development, validation and characterization of an analytical method for quantification of hydrolysable urinary metabolites and plasma protein adducts of 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. Biomarkers, vol 8 pp 204-217. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</div>
<div class="article_info">Carl Johan Sennbro, J Ekman, CH Lindh, H Welinder, BAG Jönsson and H Tinnerberg. 2004. Determination of isocyanates in air using 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine impregnated filters; long-term sampling performance and field comparison with impingers with dibutylamine. Ann Occup Hyg, vol 48 pp 415-424. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</div>
<div class="article_info">Carl Johan Sennbro, CH Lindh, A Östin, H Welinder, BAG Jönsson and H Tinnerberg. 2004. A survey of airborne isocyanate exposure in 13 Swedish polyurethane industries. Ann Occup Hyg, vol 48 pp 405-414. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</div>

Subject classification (UKÄ)

Environmental Health and Occupational Health

Free keywords

industrial medicine
Occupational health
asthma
protein adducts
polyurethane
biomarkers
occupational exposure
DBA
ICA
NDI
MDI
TDI
Diisocyanates
Isocyanates
Biomonitoring
Air monitoring
arbetsmiljömedicin
Yrkesmedicin

Cite this

@phdthesis{50fff54be8b04dbeb1835ab623817982,

title = "Biological and air monitoring of exposure to isocyanates",

abstract = "Exposure to isocyanates may induce disorders in the airways of workers. Therefore, application, development and validation of methods for exposure assessment is of great importance. In the present study, we have determined the personal air and biomarker levels of isocyanates for a group of occupationally exposed workers (n=170) in different types of industrial processes. Also, the biomarker levels were determined for a control group consisting of occupationally unexposed workers (n=121). A method with filters impregnated with 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (2MP) was used for personal air monitoring of exposure in different types of manufacturing processes. The field performance of the 2MP method was evaluated. Short-term stationary measurements was collected in parallel with an impinger method using dibutylamine (DBA) in toluene. Also, the long-term performance was evaluated by parallel sampling with consecutive sampling by the 2MP method itself. The 2MP method was found to underestimate the air levels of some isocyanates. Correction factors were calculated that may adjust for these observed losses. A new bioanalytical method for determination of biomarkers of aromatic diisocyanates was validated. This method is more convenient, better characterized and more robust than previous methods. The biomarker levels of aromatic diisocyanates were determined in the two groups of workers and upper reference limits (URLs) were calculated. The URLs may be useful in a screening test to assess whether a worker is occupationally exposed to diisocyanates or not. The biomarkers of 4,4'-methylene diisocyanate (MDI) were present in 97% of the occupationally unexposed workers. This indicates an unknown source of background exposure. For the exposed workers, there were strong correlations between urinary and plasma biomarker levels of isocyanates and between air and biomarker levels of isocyanates. The biomarkers of toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI) and MDI were shown to be applicable as an index of exposure. For TDI, strategies for biological monitoring of exposure were established, and biological limit values were proposed.",

keywords = "industrial medicine, Occupational health, asthma, protein adducts, polyurethane, biomarkers, occupational exposure, DBA, ICA, NDI, MDI, TDI, Diisocyanates, Isocyanates, Biomonitoring, Air monitoring, arbetsmilj{\"o}medicin, Yrkesmedicin",

author = "Sennbro, {Carl Johan}",

note = "Defence details Date: 2005-02-04 Time: 13:15 Place: Lecture Hall F1, University Hospital, Lund. External reviewer(s) Name: Johanson, Gunnar Title: Professor Affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm --- <div class={"}article_info{"}>Carl Johan Sennbro, M Littorin, H Tinnerberg and BAG J{\"o}nsson. 2005. Upper reference limits for biomarkers of exposure to aromatic diisocyanates. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (inpress)</div> <div class={"}article_info{"}>Carl Johan Sennbro, CH Lindh, H Tinnerberg, H Welinder, M Littorin and BAG J{\"o}nsson. 2004. Biological monitoring of exposure to toluene diisocyanate. Scand J Work Environ Health, vol 30 pp 371-378. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</div> <div class={"}article_info{"}>Carl Johan Sennbro, CH Lindh, H Tinnerberg, C Gustavsson, M Littorin, H Welinder and BAG J{\"o}nsson. 2003. Development, validation and characterization of an analytical method for quantification of hydrolysable urinary metabolites and plasma protein adducts of 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. Biomarkers, vol 8 pp 204-217. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</div> <div class={"}article_info{"}>Carl Johan Sennbro, J Ekman, CH Lindh, H Welinder, BAG J{\"o}nsson and H Tinnerberg. 2004. Determination of isocyanates in air using 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine impregnated filters; long-term sampling performance and field comparison with impingers with dibutylamine. Ann Occup Hyg, vol 48 pp 415-424. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</div> <div class={"}article_info{"}>Carl Johan Sennbro, CH Lindh, A {\"O}stin, H Welinder, BAG J{\"o}nsson and H Tinnerberg. 2004. A survey of airborne isocyanate exposure in 13 Swedish polyurethane industries. Ann Occup Hyg, vol 48 pp 405-414. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</div>",

year = "2005",

language = "English",

isbn = "91-628-5957-9",

publisher = "Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University",

type = "Doctoral Thesis (compilation)",

school = "Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University",

}

TY - THES

T1 - Biological and air monitoring of exposure to isocyanates

AU - Sennbro, Carl Johan

N1 - Defence details Date: 2005-02-04 Time: 13:15 Place: Lecture Hall F1, University Hospital, Lund. External reviewer(s) Name: Johanson, Gunnar Title: Professor Affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm --- <div class="article_info">Carl Johan Sennbro, M Littorin, H Tinnerberg and BAG Jönsson. 2005. Upper reference limits for biomarkers of exposure to aromatic diisocyanates. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (inpress)</div> <div class="article_info">Carl Johan Sennbro, CH Lindh, H Tinnerberg, H Welinder, M Littorin and BAG Jönsson. 2004. Biological monitoring of exposure to toluene diisocyanate. Scand J Work Environ Health, vol 30 pp 371-378. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</div> <div class="article_info">Carl Johan Sennbro, CH Lindh, H Tinnerberg, C Gustavsson, M Littorin, H Welinder and BAG Jönsson. 2003. Development, validation and characterization of an analytical method for quantification of hydrolysable urinary metabolites and plasma protein adducts of 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. Biomarkers, vol 8 pp 204-217. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</div> <div class="article_info">Carl Johan Sennbro, J Ekman, CH Lindh, H Welinder, BAG Jönsson and H Tinnerberg. 2004. Determination of isocyanates in air using 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine impregnated filters; long-term sampling performance and field comparison with impingers with dibutylamine. Ann Occup Hyg, vol 48 pp 415-424. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</div> <div class="article_info">Carl Johan Sennbro, CH Lindh, A Östin, H Welinder, BAG Jönsson and H Tinnerberg. 2004. A survey of airborne isocyanate exposure in 13 Swedish polyurethane industries. Ann Occup Hyg, vol 48 pp 405-414. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</div>

PY - 2005

Y1 - 2005

N2 - Exposure to isocyanates may induce disorders in the airways of workers. Therefore, application, development and validation of methods for exposure assessment is of great importance. In the present study, we have determined the personal air and biomarker levels of isocyanates for a group of occupationally exposed workers (n=170) in different types of industrial processes. Also, the biomarker levels were determined for a control group consisting of occupationally unexposed workers (n=121). A method with filters impregnated with 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (2MP) was used for personal air monitoring of exposure in different types of manufacturing processes. The field performance of the 2MP method was evaluated. Short-term stationary measurements was collected in parallel with an impinger method using dibutylamine (DBA) in toluene. Also, the long-term performance was evaluated by parallel sampling with consecutive sampling by the 2MP method itself. The 2MP method was found to underestimate the air levels of some isocyanates. Correction factors were calculated that may adjust for these observed losses. A new bioanalytical method for determination of biomarkers of aromatic diisocyanates was validated. This method is more convenient, better characterized and more robust than previous methods. The biomarker levels of aromatic diisocyanates were determined in the two groups of workers and upper reference limits (URLs) were calculated. The URLs may be useful in a screening test to assess whether a worker is occupationally exposed to diisocyanates or not. The biomarkers of 4,4'-methylene diisocyanate (MDI) were present in 97% of the occupationally unexposed workers. This indicates an unknown source of background exposure. For the exposed workers, there were strong correlations between urinary and plasma biomarker levels of isocyanates and between air and biomarker levels of isocyanates. The biomarkers of toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI) and MDI were shown to be applicable as an index of exposure. For TDI, strategies for biological monitoring of exposure were established, and biological limit values were proposed.

AB - Exposure to isocyanates may induce disorders in the airways of workers. Therefore, application, development and validation of methods for exposure assessment is of great importance. In the present study, we have determined the personal air and biomarker levels of isocyanates for a group of occupationally exposed workers (n=170) in different types of industrial processes. Also, the biomarker levels were determined for a control group consisting of occupationally unexposed workers (n=121). A method with filters impregnated with 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (2MP) was used for personal air monitoring of exposure in different types of manufacturing processes. The field performance of the 2MP method was evaluated. Short-term stationary measurements was collected in parallel with an impinger method using dibutylamine (DBA) in toluene. Also, the long-term performance was evaluated by parallel sampling with consecutive sampling by the 2MP method itself. The 2MP method was found to underestimate the air levels of some isocyanates. Correction factors were calculated that may adjust for these observed losses. A new bioanalytical method for determination of biomarkers of aromatic diisocyanates was validated. This method is more convenient, better characterized and more robust than previous methods. The biomarker levels of aromatic diisocyanates were determined in the two groups of workers and upper reference limits (URLs) were calculated. The URLs may be useful in a screening test to assess whether a worker is occupationally exposed to diisocyanates or not. The biomarkers of 4,4'-methylene diisocyanate (MDI) were present in 97% of the occupationally unexposed workers. This indicates an unknown source of background exposure. For the exposed workers, there were strong correlations between urinary and plasma biomarker levels of isocyanates and between air and biomarker levels of isocyanates. The biomarkers of toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI) and MDI were shown to be applicable as an index of exposure. For TDI, strategies for biological monitoring of exposure were established, and biological limit values were proposed.

KW - industrial medicine

KW - Occupational health

KW - asthma

KW - protein adducts

KW - polyurethane

KW - biomarkers

KW - occupational exposure

KW - DBA

KW - ICA

KW - NDI

KW - MDI

KW - TDI

KW - Diisocyanates

KW - Isocyanates

KW - Biomonitoring

KW - Air monitoring

KW - arbetsmiljömedicin

KW - Yrkesmedicin

M3 - Doctoral Thesis (compilation)

SN - 91-628-5957-9

PB - Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University

ER -

Biological and air monitoring of exposure to isocyanates

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Subject classification (UKÄ)

Free keywords

Fingerprint

Cite this