Decision-support tools for pollinators and pollination in agricultural landscapes: A systematic map

Insect pollinators are declining globally, partly due to agricultural intensification, which threatens biodiversity and ecosystem services. To help decision-makers make informed choices, a variety of tools such as softwares, websites and frameworks have been developed to guide pollinator-friendly management and conservation. However, the lack of a comprehensive overview of these tools limits stakeholders' ability to select and use them. We conducted a systematic mapping of bibliographic databases, grey literature and websites to create the first extensive database of tools explicitly or implicitly designed to inform pollinator and pollination management in agricultural landscapes. We assessed which pollinator groups and pollination services were addressed, the delivery methods used, their general focus, the geographical or ecological contexts in which they can be applied, and the extent to which they are designed for specific user groups. Our analysis revealed key gaps and patterns: Fewer tools focused on wild pollinators (including non-bee pollinators), fewer tools addressed the underlying drivers of pollinator decline and many tools targeted unspecified stakeholders or pollinators. There was a geographical bias in tool availability, which mirrored data bias in pollinator decline research, with a focus on regulating pollination services. Many tools required advanced and technical skills, limiting accessibility for practitioners. Practical implications. Our database offers a practical resource for practitioners, land managers, researchers and policymakers, facilitating the identification of tools that are suited to their specific management context, as well as their skills and expertise. Our study also highlights priorities for future tool development that could increase the effectiveness and impact of pollinator conservation and management efforts in agricultural landscapes.