Ectoparasitism in marsh tits: costs and functional explanations

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• flea 95%
• nestling 80%
• marsh 60%
• nest 34%
• cost 32%
• parasite 12%
• immune system 8%
• saliva 8%
• bird 5%

Agriculture & Biology

• Poecile palustris 100%
• Siphonaptera 73%
• nestlings 57%
• nests 24%
• hematophagy 8%
• parasites 8%
• resting metabolic rate 8%
• feeding frequency 8%
• saliva 6%
• innate immunity 6%
• hens 5%