Gas-phase materials synthesis in environmental transmission electron microscopy

Gas-phase transmission electron microscopy is an essential tool for elucidating the mechanisms involved in the synthesis of functional materials. Here, we review the latest developments in understanding the growth of novel nanostructural materials afforded by following the process in situ in electron microscopes. Particular focus is on investigations of catalyzed growth of one-dimensional carbon-based and semiconductor nanostructures, while other types of nanocrystal and epitaxial crystal growth are briefly addressed. Also discussed are how these methods have been employed to answer critical questions about the growth mechanisms as well as to bring insight into the relationships between synthesis parameters and materials properties. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]