Implementation of the Biofuels Directive in the European Union

The implementation of the Biofuels Directive (2003/30/EC) in the 25 member states is assessed against the background of implementation theory in this paper. The aim is to identify and analyze implementation problems for the purpose of suggesting a way forward for biofuels policy in the European Union. Three main patterns of policy implementation are observed: effective implementation, formal compliance and weak implementation. Implementation barriers and problems encountered all along the policy process are both of practical and more fundamental nature. Based on this, the authors argue that the European Union should allow member states more flexibility in achieving the policy objectives of the Biofuels Directive.