Increased risk for prostate cancer related mortality among childless men in a population-based cohort followed for up to 40 years

Based on a nationwide register data we recently reported a link between male infertility and increased risk of early onset prostate cancer. However, mortality due to prostate cancer, which can be regarded as the ultimate proxy for its clinical significance, especially in the context of over-diagnosis and over-treatment, could not be explored in the previous study, since the follow-up period in most cases was too short. Data therefore must be retrieved from other cohorts, with longer follow-up. We sourced data from a population-based prospective cohort including 11,343 men aged over 45 years, enrolled in the 1970s. The results showed that childless men have higher risk for prostate cancer related mortality (HR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.09–2.03, p = 0.01) compared to men with children, in particular when only married men, who most probably are involuntary childless, were considered (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.13 − 2.10, p = 0.006). However, the prostate cancer incidence did not differ (HR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.88–1.24). In conclusion, our results show that childless men are at higher risk for dying from prostate cancer, probably due to a more aggressive form of the disease.