TY - JOUR
T1 - Influence of 3d Transition Metal Impurities on Garnet Scintillator Afterglow
AU - Khanin, Vasilii M.
AU - Venevtsev, Ivan
AU - Chernenko, Kirill
AU - Tukhvatulina, Tansu
AU - Rodnyi, Piotr A.
AU - Spoor, Sandra
AU - Boerekamp, Jack
AU - Van Dongen, Anne Marie
AU - Buettner, Daniela
AU - Wieczorek, Herfried
AU - Ronda, Cees R.
AU - Senden, Tim
AU - Meijerink, Andries
PY - 2020/5/6
Y1 - 2020/5/6
N2 - Garnet scintillators often suffer from undesired afterglow, the origin of which is not always well-understood. A possible origin is contamination with transition metal (TM) ions. These impurities can act as traps giving rise to afterglow. Alternatively, they may show long-lived (microsecond) d-d emission. Here we present a systematic study on the role of 3d TM impurities in (Lu,Gd)3(GaAl)5O12 garnet scintillators. Scintillator disks intentionally doped with ppm levels of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn were studied to identify TM-related traps in thermoluminescence (TSL) glow curves and their role in afterglow. For Ti, V, and Cr additional TSL peaks were observed that gave rise to RT afterglow in the 10-2-103 s time range, depending on garnet composition. On the millisecond time scale long-lived red/near-infrared emission was observed from Mn and Fe impurities, explained by spin-forbidden d-d emission. We show that afterglow can be reduced by the use of ultrapure raw materials. Other solutions include bandgap engineering for the garnet host to modify trap depths and applying optical filters to block the spin-forbidden d-d emission. The present study provides an insightful overview of the role of 3d TM impurities on afterglow in Ce-doped scintillators and procedures to predict and reduce afterglow. These insights will aid the development of Ce-doped garnets with superior afterglow behavior.
AB - Garnet scintillators often suffer from undesired afterglow, the origin of which is not always well-understood. A possible origin is contamination with transition metal (TM) ions. These impurities can act as traps giving rise to afterglow. Alternatively, they may show long-lived (microsecond) d-d emission. Here we present a systematic study on the role of 3d TM impurities in (Lu,Gd)3(GaAl)5O12 garnet scintillators. Scintillator disks intentionally doped with ppm levels of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn were studied to identify TM-related traps in thermoluminescence (TSL) glow curves and their role in afterglow. For Ti, V, and Cr additional TSL peaks were observed that gave rise to RT afterglow in the 10-2-103 s time range, depending on garnet composition. On the millisecond time scale long-lived red/near-infrared emission was observed from Mn and Fe impurities, explained by spin-forbidden d-d emission. We show that afterglow can be reduced by the use of ultrapure raw materials. Other solutions include bandgap engineering for the garnet host to modify trap depths and applying optical filters to block the spin-forbidden d-d emission. The present study provides an insightful overview of the role of 3d TM impurities on afterglow in Ce-doped scintillators and procedures to predict and reduce afterglow. These insights will aid the development of Ce-doped garnets with superior afterglow behavior.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85084743417&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/acs.cgd.9b01660
DO - 10.1021/acs.cgd.9b01660
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85084743417
SN - 1528-7483
VL - 20
SP - 3007
EP - 3017
JO - Crystal Growth and Design
JF - Crystal Growth and Design
IS - 5
ER -