@inproceedings{749be73241df42bbaf68d048bfb07e21,
title = "Internet of Buoys: An Internet of Things Implementation at Sea",
abstract = "Internet of Things (IoT) applications are emerging in many different areas, including maritime environments. One of the applications in this area is the monitoring of buoys at sea. To realize wireless tracking of buoys, an accurate prediction of the path loss in an open-sea environment is essential. So far, channel measurements at sea have mainly been conducted with antennas placed a couple of meters above the sea surface, which is higher than the buoys themselves. Therefore, we investigated the validity of the published channel models at sea by means of path loss measurements using a LoRa link with a transmitter antenna height of 0.35 m and a base station antenna height of 2.65 m and 5.2 m. Our results show that the round earth loss model is not accurate at these antenna heights. The ITU-R P.2001-3 model and a model by Bullington show a better agreement with our measurements. However, the difference between our two measurement campaigns shows that more investigation is needed on the dependence of the path loss on the sea state. Additionally, the availability of Sigfox, Narrowband Internet of Things and The Things has been explored. We found that that these can be used for IoT applications in the tested area at low antenna heights.",
keywords = "buoys, Internet of Things, maritime communications, path loss modeling",
author = "Michiel Sandra and Sara Gunnarsson and Johansson, {Anders J.}",
year = "2020",
month = nov,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1109/IEEECONF51394.2020.9443538",
language = "English",
series = "Conference Record - Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers",
publisher = "IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.",
pages = "1096--1100",
editor = "Matthews, {Michael B.}",
booktitle = "2020 54th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, ACSSC 2020",
address = "United States",
note = "54th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, ACSSC 2020 ; Conference date: 01-11-2020 Through 05-11-2020",
}