Large eddy simulations of flow over additively manufactured surfaces: Impact of roughness and skewness on turbulent heat transfer

Additive manufacturing creates surfaces with random roughness, impacting heat transfer and pressure loss differently than traditional sand–
grain roughness. Further research is needed to understand these effects. We conducted high-fidelity heat transfer simulations over threedimensional additive manufactured surfaces with varying roughness heights and skewness. Based on an additive manufactured Inconel 939
sample from Siemens Energy, we created six surfaces with different normalized roughness heights, Ra=D ¼ 0:001; 0:006; 0:012; 0:015; 0:020;
and 0.028, and a fixed skewness, sk ¼ 0:424. Each surface was also flipped to obtain negatively skewed counterparts (sk ¼ 0:424).
Simulations were conducted at a constant Reynolds number of 8000 and with temperature treated as a passive scalar (Prandtl number of
0.71). We analyzed temperature, velocity profiles, and heat fluxes to understand the impact of roughness height and skewness on heat and
momentum transfer. The inner-scaled mean temperature profiles are of larger magnitude than the mean velocity profiles both inside and outside the roughness layer. This means, the temperature wall roughness function, DHþ; differs from the momentum wall roughness function,
DUþ. Surfaces with positive and negative skewness yielded different estimates of equivalent sand–grain roughness for the same Ra=D values,
suggesting a strong influence of slope and skewness on the relationship between roughness function and equivalent sand–grain roughness.
Analysis of the heat and momentum transfer mechanisms indicated an increased effective Prandtl number within the rough surface in which
the momentum diffusivity is larger than the corresponding thermal diffusivity due to the combined effects of turbulence and dispersion.
Results consistently indicated improved heat transfer with increasing roughness height and positively skewed surfaces performing better
beyond a certain roughness threshold than negatively skewed ones.
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