Material recycling without hazardous substances: Interplay of two policy streams and impacts on industry

Governments of different levels have been implementing various policies to enhance the closure of material loops, as well as to reduce the risk of hazardous substances. Manufacturers and distributors of products have a crucial role in the selection and/or verification of materials for their new products. This study sought to obtain concrete knowledge on perception, experiences, and future outlook of manufacturers and distributors who have been proactive in at least one of the two areas; the increased use of recycled materials and the decreased use of hazardous substances. The study covered four sectors - interior products, clothing, toys, and electrical and electronic equipment - and based on in-depth interviews to 10 manufacturers, sought to identify similarities and differences between the sectors.