Abstract
Recent studies have indicated a decline in sperm number in the western world during the past 50 years, sperm concentration changing from 113 to 66 millions per mL. Furthermore, significant geographical differences in male reproductive function have been observed. In Finland, the sperm concentration was found to be substantially higher than in Denmark. In parallel, the incidence of testicular cancer (TC) and of congenital malformations of male genital organs is significantly higher in Denmark as compared to Finland.
Previous studies have shown an association between decreased sperm quality and risk of TC. Recently, it was suggested that poor sperm quality, cryptorchidism, hypospadias and TC have a common cause and are symptoms of a so called Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome (TDS). The aetiology of TDS is unknown but genetic, environmental and life-style related factors have been suggested as its causes. Genetic factors might, at least partly, explain the difference in male reproductive function between Denmark and Finland. However, Swedish and Danish populations are genetically similar and therefore any differences in reproductive parameters found between these two countries are most likely due to environmental and/or life-style related factors. The aim of this study was to compare reproductive parameters between Swedish and Danish men and to investigate the possible impact of environmental, life-style and genetic factors.
All papers included in this thesis were based on investigations of Swedish military conscripts (n=305). Semen parameters of the Swedish conscripts were compared to previously published data on their Danish counterparts. Furthermore, reproductive parameters were evaluated in relation to exposure to persistent organohalogen pollutants (POP) and to smoking. Polymorphisms in the androgen receptor gene were also assessed.
We found 30% higher sperm number as well as higher sperm concentration and semen volume in Swedish men as compared to Danish. Non-smoking men presented with 40% higher sperm number as compared to smokers. Exposure to POP, assessed by serum levels of CB-153, was associated with impairment of sperm motility but not with the number of spermatozoa. Androgen receptor CAG repeat number was only weakly associated with sperm parameters.
Our data indicated that the reproductive function of Swedish adolescent men is superior to that of their Danish counterparts. Smoking is less prevalent in Sweden compared to Denmark and this could, at least partly, contribute to the difference in sperm number found between these countries.
Previous studies have shown an association between decreased sperm quality and risk of TC. Recently, it was suggested that poor sperm quality, cryptorchidism, hypospadias and TC have a common cause and are symptoms of a so called Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome (TDS). The aetiology of TDS is unknown but genetic, environmental and life-style related factors have been suggested as its causes. Genetic factors might, at least partly, explain the difference in male reproductive function between Denmark and Finland. However, Swedish and Danish populations are genetically similar and therefore any differences in reproductive parameters found between these two countries are most likely due to environmental and/or life-style related factors. The aim of this study was to compare reproductive parameters between Swedish and Danish men and to investigate the possible impact of environmental, life-style and genetic factors.
All papers included in this thesis were based on investigations of Swedish military conscripts (n=305). Semen parameters of the Swedish conscripts were compared to previously published data on their Danish counterparts. Furthermore, reproductive parameters were evaluated in relation to exposure to persistent organohalogen pollutants (POP) and to smoking. Polymorphisms in the androgen receptor gene were also assessed.
We found 30% higher sperm number as well as higher sperm concentration and semen volume in Swedish men as compared to Danish. Non-smoking men presented with 40% higher sperm number as compared to smokers. Exposure to POP, assessed by serum levels of CB-153, was associated with impairment of sperm motility but not with the number of spermatozoa. Androgen receptor CAG repeat number was only weakly associated with sperm parameters.
Our data indicated that the reproductive function of Swedish adolescent men is superior to that of their Danish counterparts. Smoking is less prevalent in Sweden compared to Denmark and this could, at least partly, contribute to the difference in sperm number found between these countries.
| Original language | English |
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| Qualification | Doctor |
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| Supervisors/Advisors |
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| Award date | 2007 Apr 27 |
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| ISBN (Print) | 978-9185559-31-2 |
| Publication status | Published - 2007 |
Bibliographical note
Defence detailsDate: 2007-04-27
Time: 13:00
Place: Malmö University Hospital Jubiléumsaulan, entrance 59 Malmö
External reviewer(s)
Name: Damber, Jan-Erik
Title: Professor
Affiliation: Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Dept of Urology, Göteborg
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<div class="article_info">J Richthoff, L Rylander, L Hagmar, J Malm and A Giwercman. <span class="article_issue_date">2002</span>. <span class="article_title">Higher sperm counts in Southern Sweden compared with Denmark.</span> <span class="journal_series_title">Human Reproduction</span>, <span class="journal_volume">vol 17</span> <span class="journal_pages">pp 2468-2473</span>.</div>
<div class="article_info">J Richthoff, L Rylander, B.A.G. Jonsson, H Åkesson, L Hagmar, P Nilsson-Ehle, M Stridsberg and A Giwercman. <span class="article_issue_date">2003</span>. <span class="article_title">Serum levels of 2,2´,4,4´,5,5´-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) in relation to markers of reproductive function in young males from the general Swedish population.</span> <span class="journal_series_title">Environmental Health Perspectives</span>, <span class="journal_volume">vol 11</span> <span class="journal_pages">pp 409-413</span>.</div>
<div class="article_info">Y L Giwercman, J Richthoff, H Lilja, C Anderberg, P-A Abrahamsson and A Giwercman. <span class="article_issue_date">2004</span>. <span class="article_title">Androgen receptor CAG repeat length correlates with semen PSA levels in adolescence.</span> <span class="journal_series_title">Prostate</span>, <span class="journal_volume">vol 59</span> <span class="journal_pages">pp 227-233</span>.</div>
<div class="article_info">J Richthoff, S Elzanaty, L Rylander, L Hagmar and A Giwercman. <span class="article_issue_date"></span>. <span class="article_title">Association between tobacco exposure and reproductive parameters in adolescent males.</span> <span class="journal_series_title">International Journal of Angiology</span>, (inpress)</div>
<div class="article_info">J Richthoff, L Rylander, P Gade-Nielsen and A Giwercman. <span class="article_issue_date"></span>. <span class="article_title">The impact of tobacco exposure on sperm morphometric parameters in adolescent males.</span> (manuscript)</div>
Subject classification (UKÄ)
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine
Free keywords
- male reproductive function
- testicular cancer
- smoking
- Medicin (människa och djur)
- Medicine (human and vertebrates)
- cryptorchidism
- sperm concentration
