TY - JOUR
T1 - Urinary BPA measurements in children and mothers from six European member states: Overall results and determinants of exposure.
AU - Covaci, Adrian
AU - Hond, Elly Den
AU - Geens, Tinne
AU - Govarts, Eva
AU - Koppen, Gudrun
AU - Frederiksen, Hanne
AU - Knudsen, Lisbeth E
AU - Mørck, Thit A
AU - Gutleb, Arno C
AU - Guignard, Cedric
AU - Cocco, Emanuelle
AU - Horvat, Milena
AU - Heath, Ester
AU - Kosjek, Tina
AU - Mazej, Darja
AU - Tratnik, Janja Snoj
AU - Castaño, Argelia
AU - Esteban, Marta
AU - Cutanda, Francisco
AU - Ramos, Juan José
AU - Berglund, Marika
AU - Larsson, Kristin
AU - Jönsson, Bo A
AU - Biot, Pierre
AU - Casteleyn, Ludwine
AU - Joas, Reinhard
AU - Joas, Anke
AU - Bloemen, Louis
AU - Sepai, Ovnair
AU - Exley, Karen
AU - Schoeters, Greet
AU - Angerer, Jürgen
AU - Kolossa-Gehring, Marike
AU - Fiddicke, Ulrike
AU - Aerts, Dominique
AU - Koch, Holger M
PY - 2015
Y1 - 2015
N2 - For the first time in Europe, both European-wide and country-specific levels of urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) were obtained through a harmonized protocol for participant recruitment, sampling and quality controlled biomarker analysis in the frame of the twin projects COPHES and DEMOCOPHES. 674 child-mother pairs were recruited through schools or population registers from six European member states (Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden). Children (5-12y) and mothers donated a urine sample. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, life style, dietary habits, and educational level of the parents was provided by mothers. After exclusion of urine samples with creatinine values below 300mg/L or above 3000mg/L, 653 children and 639 mothers remained for which BPA was measured. The geometric mean (with 95% confidence intervals) and 90th percentile were calculated for BPA separately in children and in mothers and were named "European reference values". After adjustment for confounders (age and creatinine), average exposure values in each country were compared with the mean of the "European reference values" by means of a weighted analysis of variance. Overall geometric means of all countries (95% CI) adjusted for urinary creatinine, age and gender were 2.04 (1.87-2.24) µg/L and 1.88 (1.71-2.07) µg/L for children (n=653) and mothers (n=639), respectively. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify significant environmental, geographical, personal or life style related determinants. Consumption of canned food and social class (represented by the highest educational level of the family) were the most important predictors for the urinary levels of BPA in mothers and children. The individual BPA levels in children were significantly correlated with the levels in their mothers (r=0.265, p<0.001), which may suggest a possible common environmental/dietary factor that influences the biomarker level in each pair. Exposure of the general European population was well below the current health-based guidance values and no participant had BPA values higher than the health-based guidance values.
AB - For the first time in Europe, both European-wide and country-specific levels of urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) were obtained through a harmonized protocol for participant recruitment, sampling and quality controlled biomarker analysis in the frame of the twin projects COPHES and DEMOCOPHES. 674 child-mother pairs were recruited through schools or population registers from six European member states (Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden). Children (5-12y) and mothers donated a urine sample. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, life style, dietary habits, and educational level of the parents was provided by mothers. After exclusion of urine samples with creatinine values below 300mg/L or above 3000mg/L, 653 children and 639 mothers remained for which BPA was measured. The geometric mean (with 95% confidence intervals) and 90th percentile were calculated for BPA separately in children and in mothers and were named "European reference values". After adjustment for confounders (age and creatinine), average exposure values in each country were compared with the mean of the "European reference values" by means of a weighted analysis of variance. Overall geometric means of all countries (95% CI) adjusted for urinary creatinine, age and gender were 2.04 (1.87-2.24) µg/L and 1.88 (1.71-2.07) µg/L for children (n=653) and mothers (n=639), respectively. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify significant environmental, geographical, personal or life style related determinants. Consumption of canned food and social class (represented by the highest educational level of the family) were the most important predictors for the urinary levels of BPA in mothers and children. The individual BPA levels in children were significantly correlated with the levels in their mothers (r=0.265, p<0.001), which may suggest a possible common environmental/dietary factor that influences the biomarker level in each pair. Exposure of the general European population was well below the current health-based guidance values and no participant had BPA values higher than the health-based guidance values.
U2 - 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.008
DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.008
M3 - Article
C2 - 25440295
SN - 1096-0953
VL - 141
SP - 77
EP - 85
JO - Environmental Research
JF - Environmental Research
IS - Oct 13
ER -