TY - THES
T1 - Effects of S(+)-, R(-)- and racemic ketamine on the brain
AU - Schmidt, Anders
N1 - Defence details
Date: 2012-03-16
Time: 13:15
Place: Lilla Aulan, Medicinskt Forskningscentrum, Skånes Universitetssjukhus, ing 59, plan 1 Malmö
External reviewer(s)
Name: Stubhaug, Audun
Title: professor
Affiliation: Oslo University, Norway
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PY - 2012
Y1 - 2012
N2 - Racemic ketamine, introduced in the mid-sixties, contains equal proportions of the enantiomersS(+)- and R(–)-ketamine. Early clinical reports indicated unfavourable effectson intracranial pressure (ICP) and on the cerebral circulation. Current literature on thistopic is however sparse, and available reports are divergent. The aim of this doctoraldissertation project was to study cerebral and systemic haemodynamic effects of S(+)-,R(–)-, and racemic ketamine in pigs at normal and increased ICP, and of S(+)- and racemicketamine in humans.In study I, static cerebral autoregulation (AR) was investigated during constant intravenous(iv) infusion of racemic ketamine, 15 mg/kg/h, in mechanically ventilated pigs.The arterial blood pressure in upper body parts (including the brain) was non-pharmacologicallyreduced or raised (by decreasing right ventricular preload or increasingleft ventricular afterload, respectively, using balloon catheters positioned in the inferiorcaval vein and descending aorta) by approximately 20 and 40 % from the baseline level.Cortical cerebral blood fl ow (CBF) was determined by external scintillation detection ofintra-arterially injected 133Xe. Seven pigs had cerebral AR, and one pig had a pressure-dependentCBF. We conclude that cerebral AR is not abolished during ketamine infusion.Study II consists of two parts. In part IIa, we investigated whether repeated iv bolusinjections of racemic ketamine induce acute tolerance, i.e. tachyphylaxis, with respectto the CBF response. No signifi cant differences were found between responses to threeconsecutive injections. In part IIb, equipotent iv bolus doses of all three ketamine compoundswere administered in randomized order, and systemic and cerebral effects wereevaluated. S(+)-ketamine was found to be associated with less cerebral and systemichaemodynamic depression, possibly indicating a clinical advantage over racemic orR(–)-ketamine.In study III, the part IIb study design was applied in pigs subjected to intracranialhypertension (ICP ~ 23 mmHg) induced by titrated expansions of bilateral epidurallypositioned balloon catheters. None of the study drugs was found to further increase ICP.Instead racemic ketamine reduced ICP by up to 11 %. We conclude that racemic, S(+)-,and R(–)-ketamine are all safe in established intracranial hypertension, and that racemicketamine might offer some advantage with respect to ICP.In study IV, fourteen healthy adult volunteers were given, in a double-blinded randomizedsequence, subanaesthetic equipotent iv bolus injections over 60 seconds ofS(+)- (0.3 mg/kg) or racemic ketamine (0.6 mg/kg) on two occasions, at least sevendays apart. Global and regional values of CBF were determined by arterial spin labellingmagnetic resonance imaging (ASL-MRI), offering high temporal and spatial resolutions despite no injection of contrast dye or exposure to radiation. Dynamic cerebral and systemichaemodynamic responses to each study drug were assessed over 50 min. Therewere no differences between S(+)- and racemic ketamine with respect to effects onglobal and regional CBF (rCBF) or on MAP. Both drugs increased rCBF in the frontalcortex, anterior cingulate, insula and thalamus (by 4.7-11 %), and decreased rCBF in thetemporal and parietal cortex, caudate nucleus and putamen (by 3.3-19 %). We concludethat S(+)- and racemic ketamine have similar effects on global and regional CBF, andon MAP, and that ASL-MRI is suitable for pharmacodynamic studies of perfusion-alteringdrugs.
AB - Racemic ketamine, introduced in the mid-sixties, contains equal proportions of the enantiomersS(+)- and R(–)-ketamine. Early clinical reports indicated unfavourable effectson intracranial pressure (ICP) and on the cerebral circulation. Current literature on thistopic is however sparse, and available reports are divergent. The aim of this doctoraldissertation project was to study cerebral and systemic haemodynamic effects of S(+)-,R(–)-, and racemic ketamine in pigs at normal and increased ICP, and of S(+)- and racemicketamine in humans.In study I, static cerebral autoregulation (AR) was investigated during constant intravenous(iv) infusion of racemic ketamine, 15 mg/kg/h, in mechanically ventilated pigs.The arterial blood pressure in upper body parts (including the brain) was non-pharmacologicallyreduced or raised (by decreasing right ventricular preload or increasingleft ventricular afterload, respectively, using balloon catheters positioned in the inferiorcaval vein and descending aorta) by approximately 20 and 40 % from the baseline level.Cortical cerebral blood fl ow (CBF) was determined by external scintillation detection ofintra-arterially injected 133Xe. Seven pigs had cerebral AR, and one pig had a pressure-dependentCBF. We conclude that cerebral AR is not abolished during ketamine infusion.Study II consists of two parts. In part IIa, we investigated whether repeated iv bolusinjections of racemic ketamine induce acute tolerance, i.e. tachyphylaxis, with respectto the CBF response. No signifi cant differences were found between responses to threeconsecutive injections. In part IIb, equipotent iv bolus doses of all three ketamine compoundswere administered in randomized order, and systemic and cerebral effects wereevaluated. S(+)-ketamine was found to be associated with less cerebral and systemichaemodynamic depression, possibly indicating a clinical advantage over racemic orR(–)-ketamine.In study III, the part IIb study design was applied in pigs subjected to intracranialhypertension (ICP ~ 23 mmHg) induced by titrated expansions of bilateral epidurallypositioned balloon catheters. None of the study drugs was found to further increase ICP.Instead racemic ketamine reduced ICP by up to 11 %. We conclude that racemic, S(+)-,and R(–)-ketamine are all safe in established intracranial hypertension, and that racemicketamine might offer some advantage with respect to ICP.In study IV, fourteen healthy adult volunteers were given, in a double-blinded randomizedsequence, subanaesthetic equipotent iv bolus injections over 60 seconds ofS(+)- (0.3 mg/kg) or racemic ketamine (0.6 mg/kg) on two occasions, at least sevendays apart. Global and regional values of CBF were determined by arterial spin labellingmagnetic resonance imaging (ASL-MRI), offering high temporal and spatial resolutions despite no injection of contrast dye or exposure to radiation. Dynamic cerebral and systemichaemodynamic responses to each study drug were assessed over 50 min. Therewere no differences between S(+)- and racemic ketamine with respect to effects onglobal and regional CBF (rCBF) or on MAP. Both drugs increased rCBF in the frontalcortex, anterior cingulate, insula and thalamus (by 4.7-11 %), and decreased rCBF in thetemporal and parietal cortex, caudate nucleus and putamen (by 3.3-19 %). We concludethat S(+)- and racemic ketamine have similar effects on global and regional CBF, andon MAP, and that ASL-MRI is suitable for pharmacodynamic studies of perfusion-alteringdrugs.
M3 - Doctoral Thesis (compilation)
SN - 978-91-86871-83-3
T3 - Lund University Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series
PB - Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University
ER -