TY - THES
T1 - Executive Functioning in Swedish Youth: Informant Perspectives, Developmental Patterns, and Links to Clinical Profiles, Mental Health, and Academic Achievement
AU - Ilahi, Frida
N1 - Defence details
Date: 2025-10-17
Time: 13:00
Place: Spoletorp Hörsal, Spolegatan 1R, Lund
External reviewer(s)
Name: Huizinga, Mariëtte
Title: Associate Professor
Affiliation: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
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PY - 2025/9
Y1 - 2025/9
N2 - This thesis examines executive functioning (EF) among Swedish youth. EF is defined as a set of neurocognitive processes regulating cognitive, emotional, and behavioral activities essential for goal-directed behavior. I assessed EF using the self-, parent-, and teacher-report forms from the original and second editions of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF and BRIEF2).
A primary aim of this thesis was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Swedish BRIEF2 in a gender- and age-balanced community sample (Study I). In addition, I explored EF across clinical groups, including youth with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and psychiatric conditions such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, and depression (Studies II and III). Finally, I investigated the associations between EF, mental health, and academic achievement in an adolescent community sample (Study IV).
Study I supported the BRIEF2’s original three-factor structure (Behavioral, Emotional, and Cognitive Regulation) across informants, with internal consistency ranging from moderate to excellent. The model fit was weaker for teacher ratings. Age and gender differences varied by informant: adolescents reported greater EF difficulties with age, while parents and teachers reported fewer. Girls self-reported greater EF difficulties than did boys, although parents and teachers generally reported the opposite, except in emotional control. All of these differences had small effect sizes.
Study II revealed that youth with OCD or anxiety disorders exhibited moderately elevated EF difficulties compared to community peers, but did not differ significantly from each other. EF was not associated with OCD symptom dimensions, severity, or treatment outcome.
In Study III, youth with NDDs showed substantial EF impairments across all domains, regardless of comorbidity, compared to both non-NDD (i.e., anxiety disorders) and control groups. The non-NDD and control groups also differed significantly on six of the nine EF domains, with moderate effect sizes. No significant differences were found between the NDD-only and NDD plus comorbidity groups, although youth with dual NDDs exhibited more EF difficulties than did those with a single NDD.
Study IV indicated that adolescents with self-reported NDDs reported significantly more EF difficulties, especially among younger students. Self-rated EF was strongly linked to internalizing symptoms, while teacher EF ratings showed weaker associations, suggesting that such difficulties may be less visible in classroom settings. Girls self-reported having more EF difficulties, whereas teachers rated more difficulties in boys. Teacher-rated EF was the strongest predictor of academic performance. Among girls, internalizing symptoms strengthened the link between EF and achievement, possibly reflecting compensatory strategies.
Together, these findings contribute to an understudied area of everyday EF in adolescents as assessed by multiple informants. The key takeaways include the importance of considering both informant and gender perspectives, as well as specific EF domains (e.g., shifting, emotional control, organization) for mental health and academic success. I discuss the methodological and conceptual challenges, encouraging future researchers to refine EF assessments and continue investigating EF, particularly among adolescent girls, to inform school-based interventions.
AB - This thesis examines executive functioning (EF) among Swedish youth. EF is defined as a set of neurocognitive processes regulating cognitive, emotional, and behavioral activities essential for goal-directed behavior. I assessed EF using the self-, parent-, and teacher-report forms from the original and second editions of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF and BRIEF2).
A primary aim of this thesis was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Swedish BRIEF2 in a gender- and age-balanced community sample (Study I). In addition, I explored EF across clinical groups, including youth with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and psychiatric conditions such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, and depression (Studies II and III). Finally, I investigated the associations between EF, mental health, and academic achievement in an adolescent community sample (Study IV).
Study I supported the BRIEF2’s original three-factor structure (Behavioral, Emotional, and Cognitive Regulation) across informants, with internal consistency ranging from moderate to excellent. The model fit was weaker for teacher ratings. Age and gender differences varied by informant: adolescents reported greater EF difficulties with age, while parents and teachers reported fewer. Girls self-reported greater EF difficulties than did boys, although parents and teachers generally reported the opposite, except in emotional control. All of these differences had small effect sizes.
Study II revealed that youth with OCD or anxiety disorders exhibited moderately elevated EF difficulties compared to community peers, but did not differ significantly from each other. EF was not associated with OCD symptom dimensions, severity, or treatment outcome.
In Study III, youth with NDDs showed substantial EF impairments across all domains, regardless of comorbidity, compared to both non-NDD (i.e., anxiety disorders) and control groups. The non-NDD and control groups also differed significantly on six of the nine EF domains, with moderate effect sizes. No significant differences were found between the NDD-only and NDD plus comorbidity groups, although youth with dual NDDs exhibited more EF difficulties than did those with a single NDD.
Study IV indicated that adolescents with self-reported NDDs reported significantly more EF difficulties, especially among younger students. Self-rated EF was strongly linked to internalizing symptoms, while teacher EF ratings showed weaker associations, suggesting that such difficulties may be less visible in classroom settings. Girls self-reported having more EF difficulties, whereas teachers rated more difficulties in boys. Teacher-rated EF was the strongest predictor of academic performance. Among girls, internalizing symptoms strengthened the link between EF and achievement, possibly reflecting compensatory strategies.
Together, these findings contribute to an understudied area of everyday EF in adolescents as assessed by multiple informants. The key takeaways include the importance of considering both informant and gender perspectives, as well as specific EF domains (e.g., shifting, emotional control, organization) for mental health and academic success. I discuss the methodological and conceptual challenges, encouraging future researchers to refine EF assessments and continue investigating EF, particularly among adolescent girls, to inform school-based interventions.
KW - executive function
KW - executive functioning
KW - adolecents
KW - BRIEF2
KW - Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function
KW - mental health
KW - ADHD
KW - autism
KW - OCD
KW - anxiety
KW - depression
KW - academic achievement
KW - developmental psychology
M3 - Doctoral Thesis (compilation)
SN - 978-91-8104-612-0
PB - Lund University (Media-Tryck)
CY - Lund
ER -