@phdthesis{8fb91f1a953143cfb3be02c02a005ca6,
title = "IGF, PI3K and HIF-2 in Normal and Tumor Development",
abstract = "Cells adapt to oxygen shortage, hypoxia, by inducing a transcriptional shift governed mainly by Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1 and HIF-2. In various cancer forms, including neuroblastoma, high expression of HIF-2α correlates with disseminated disease and poor outcome. It has become evident that HIF-1 and HIF-2 are differentially regulated over time and by oxygen levels. HIF-2α is expressed in a subset of perivascularly located neuroblastoma cells in vivo and appear to be co-expressed with markers of early sympathetic nervous system development, while HIF-1α expression is restricted to necrotic and hypoxic tumor areas. Here, we demonstrate that HIF-2α is regulated at the transcriptional level by the IGF and PI3K signaling pathways, two pathways commonly deregulated in human cancer. In addition, the expression of HIF-2α and IGF-II correlates in neuroblastoma specimens and cell lines, and the finding that HIF-2α and IGF-II are co-expressed in sympathetic neuroblasts during early human development (embryonic week 6.5) suggest that neuroblastoma cells are arrested at a differentiation stage corresponding to when sympathetic chain ganglia begin to coalesce. We further show that the differential regulation of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in neuroblastoma partly can be explained by specific IGF and PI3K-mTOR signaling. While HIF-1α is exclusively regulated at the translational level via mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) at hypoxia, HIF-2α is regulated at the transcriptional level by mTORC2, providing an opportunity to specifically target the HIF-2α-driven aggressive phenotype in neuroblastoma. At last, PI3K is composed of a regulatory and a catalytic domain, and we highlight the complexity of this signaling pathway by identifying the catalytic subunit, p110δ, responsible for c-Kit mediated cell transformation, and the process of kinase-dependent and –independent activation.",
keywords = "Neuroblastoma, Hypoxia, Insulin-like Growth Factor, PI3K, HIF-2alpha, Cancer, Development",
author = "Sofie Mohlin",
note = "Defence details Date: 2013-06-14 Time: 09:00 Place: CRC Main Lecture Hall, University Hospital MAS, Jan Waldenstr{\"o}ms gata 35, Malm{\"o} External reviewer(s) Name: Giaccia, Amato Title: [unknown] Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA --- The information about affiliations in this record was updated in December 2015. The record was previously connected to the following departments: Molecular Medicine (013031200)",
year = "2013",
language = "English",
isbn = "978-91-87449-37-6",
series = "Lund University Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series ",
publisher = "Molecular Medicine",
type = "Doctoral Thesis (compilation)",
school = "Department of Translational Medicine",
}