TY - THES
T1 - Long-term implications of climate change and forest management for ecosystem services and ecosystem functioning
T2 - Exploring the decision-making space in Swedish production forests
AU - Bergkvist, John
N1 - Defence details
Date: 2024-09-13
Time: 13:00
Place: Pangea, Geocentrum II, 2nd floor, number 229.
External reviewer(s)
Name: Yousefpour, Rasoul
Title: Assistant Professor
Affiliation: Institute of Forestry and Forest Conservation, John Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design, University of Toronto, CA.
---
PY - 2024/8/9
Y1 - 2024/8/9
N2 - Climate change is expected to affect temperate and boreal forests, potentially causing profound changes to the functioning and the structure of ecosystems. This calls for assessments of the plausible long-term outcomes of a range of climate change scenarios to increase the knowledge base for decision making in forestry. Forest owners need to consider whether current silvicultural management practices remain suitable also in the future. Contemporary decisions will determine the future landscape composition of production forests and have implications for the provisioning of ecosystem services.In this thesis, we analysed the varying preferences for maintaining ecosystem services among a sample of non-industrial private forest owners in Sweden. The findings demonstrated positive perceptions of 10 forest ecosystem services, with the highest rankings of biodiversity, timber quality, water quality and recreation. Differences in prioritization between ecosystem services largely depended on whether the owners were certified and if they were members of a forest owner association. These findings also revealed a consistent and broad agreement regarding a preferred expansion of mixed-species and deciduous stands in the landscapes, in line with current recommendations for climate change adaptation.The process-based ecosystem model LPJ-GUESS was evaluated to determine its skill in simulating managed production forests in Sweden through comparisons of model projections of standing volume against observations derived from the Swedish National Forest Inventory. New vegetation parameters were suggested for Norway spruce and Scots pine, which better represented observed growth rates in even-aged monocultures. Additionally, the evaluations provided insight into potential model improvements, specifically regarding the early phase of stand growth.The evaluated model was applied to study the long-term outcomes of altered management practices and climate change on forests in Sweden. Three alternative future trajectories of landscape development were visualized as changes in forest policy. In the first policy scenario current management practices were maintained, whereas the second emphasized risk-spreading and adaptation, and the third a transitioning towards conservation-focused practices with reduced management intensity. The simulations projected consistent increases in net primary productivity towards the end of the 21st century that were of greater magnitude in the higher emission scenarios, and with the largest changes occurring in northern Sweden in all three policies. The increases were mediated by higher N mineralization in combination with increased water use efficiency, driven by higher air temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The model indicated consistent increases in storm damage vulnerability in central and northern Sweden, regardless of simulated forest policy. However, storm damage vulnerability was lower at the end of the century compared to in the time period 2001-2020 in the conservation-oriented policy in southern Sweden. The model results also indicated that there may be long-term benefits associated with implementing a forest policy of risk-spreading and adaptation. Compared to the scenario representing a continuation of current management practices, the risk-spreading and adaption policy provided similar or higher gains for net primary productivity, net ecosystem productivity, soil nitrogen availability, and provisioning of wood, and also showed a generally lower vulnerability of forests to storm damage in southern and central Sweden. The applied approaches were also discussed in terms of model uncertainty, which influenced the interpretation and robustness of the results.Site-scale simulations provided additional insight into the effects of climate change on the net carbon exchange in an unmanaged set-aside forest in the southern boreal zone in Sweden. These simulations showed clear short to medium-term mitigation benefits of retaining the unmanaged set-aside stand compared to clear-felling and replanting with either Scots pine or Norway spruce. However, the model results also indicated a decrease in the net carbon sink with increased age of the unmanaged stand over the long term, where a higher climate impact led to an earlier and more pronounced loss of carbon uptake.The findings of this thesis confirm the value of utilizing process-based models enabled with advanced representations of forest management to study long-term changes in ecosystems. It has advanced the knowledge of the implications of changing climate conditions and altered management for production forests in Sweden.
AB - Climate change is expected to affect temperate and boreal forests, potentially causing profound changes to the functioning and the structure of ecosystems. This calls for assessments of the plausible long-term outcomes of a range of climate change scenarios to increase the knowledge base for decision making in forestry. Forest owners need to consider whether current silvicultural management practices remain suitable also in the future. Contemporary decisions will determine the future landscape composition of production forests and have implications for the provisioning of ecosystem services.In this thesis, we analysed the varying preferences for maintaining ecosystem services among a sample of non-industrial private forest owners in Sweden. The findings demonstrated positive perceptions of 10 forest ecosystem services, with the highest rankings of biodiversity, timber quality, water quality and recreation. Differences in prioritization between ecosystem services largely depended on whether the owners were certified and if they were members of a forest owner association. These findings also revealed a consistent and broad agreement regarding a preferred expansion of mixed-species and deciduous stands in the landscapes, in line with current recommendations for climate change adaptation.The process-based ecosystem model LPJ-GUESS was evaluated to determine its skill in simulating managed production forests in Sweden through comparisons of model projections of standing volume against observations derived from the Swedish National Forest Inventory. New vegetation parameters were suggested for Norway spruce and Scots pine, which better represented observed growth rates in even-aged monocultures. Additionally, the evaluations provided insight into potential model improvements, specifically regarding the early phase of stand growth.The evaluated model was applied to study the long-term outcomes of altered management practices and climate change on forests in Sweden. Three alternative future trajectories of landscape development were visualized as changes in forest policy. In the first policy scenario current management practices were maintained, whereas the second emphasized risk-spreading and adaptation, and the third a transitioning towards conservation-focused practices with reduced management intensity. The simulations projected consistent increases in net primary productivity towards the end of the 21st century that were of greater magnitude in the higher emission scenarios, and with the largest changes occurring in northern Sweden in all three policies. The increases were mediated by higher N mineralization in combination with increased water use efficiency, driven by higher air temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The model indicated consistent increases in storm damage vulnerability in central and northern Sweden, regardless of simulated forest policy. However, storm damage vulnerability was lower at the end of the century compared to in the time period 2001-2020 in the conservation-oriented policy in southern Sweden. The model results also indicated that there may be long-term benefits associated with implementing a forest policy of risk-spreading and adaptation. Compared to the scenario representing a continuation of current management practices, the risk-spreading and adaption policy provided similar or higher gains for net primary productivity, net ecosystem productivity, soil nitrogen availability, and provisioning of wood, and also showed a generally lower vulnerability of forests to storm damage in southern and central Sweden. The applied approaches were also discussed in terms of model uncertainty, which influenced the interpretation and robustness of the results.Site-scale simulations provided additional insight into the effects of climate change on the net carbon exchange in an unmanaged set-aside forest in the southern boreal zone in Sweden. These simulations showed clear short to medium-term mitigation benefits of retaining the unmanaged set-aside stand compared to clear-felling and replanting with either Scots pine or Norway spruce. However, the model results also indicated a decrease in the net carbon sink with increased age of the unmanaged stand over the long term, where a higher climate impact led to an earlier and more pronounced loss of carbon uptake.The findings of this thesis confirm the value of utilizing process-based models enabled with advanced representations of forest management to study long-term changes in ecosystems. It has advanced the knowledge of the implications of changing climate conditions and altered management for production forests in Sweden.
KW - Ecosystem modelling
KW - Boreal forest
KW - net primary production
KW - Ecosystem services
KW - Non-industrial private forest owners
KW - Ecosystem functioning
KW - Norway spruce
KW - Scots pine
M3 - Doctoral Thesis (compilation)
SN - 978-91-89187-41-2
PB - Lund University
CY - Lund
ER -