Non–β-hemolytic Streptococcal Bacteremia in Patients With Heart Valve Prosthesis—Is It Always Infective Endocarditis?

Introduction
Non-beta-haemolytic streptococci are among the most common causative agents of infective endocarditis (IE). Patients with a heart valve prosthesis (HVP) have a high risk of IE. We aimed to determine the risk for IE in patients with HVP and non-beta-haemolytic streptococcal bacteraemia (NBHSB), and to study NBHSB relapse depending on treatment duration.
Method
Adults with HVP and NBHSB 2015—2018 in the region of Skåne, Sweden, were identified through the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in Lund and were evaluated in a population-based investigation. Data were collected from medical records according to a pre-defined protocol.
Results
A total of 110 NBHSB episodes in 89 patients with HVP were included. In 40 episodes (36%), the patients had definite IE, in 69 possible IE, and one had rejected IE according to the European Society of Cardiology 2015 criteria. Twenty-eight of the 70 patients (40%) without a definite diagnosis of IE were treated with antibiotics as if they had IE. There were seven NBHSB relapses, and six of these occurred in patients with possible IE. Four of the relapses occurred in patients who received antibiotics for less than 14 days. Three patients with possible IE were diagnosed with definite IE at the time of the relapse.
Conclusion
Patients with NBHSB and HVP have a high risk for IE and should be thoroughly investigated. Most patients with NBHSB and HVP who fulfilled criteria for possible IE did not receive long-course antibiotic treatment. Moreover, some patients treated with a short course of antibiotics experienced NBHSB relapse.