Size heterogeneity, growth potential and aggression in juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi Valenciennes)

The ontogenetic development of size heterogeneity and aggression was monitored in commercial culture tanks of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi Valenciennes). Size heterogeneity increased substantially with the introduction of Artemia as a food source at 12 days post-hatch (DPH), and was correlated with the appearance of aiming behaviour, a precursor to more direct aggressive interactions. Chasing behaviour started at approximately 19 DPH (10-12 mm total length), with the main aggressors being large-grade individuals comprising 8% of the population. At any one time, only 10-30% of this grade carried out all of the chases, meaning that a very small proportion of the entire population (1%) was responsible for most of the aggressive interactions. The main recipients of aggression were the small grade, comprising 42% of the population, while the medium grade (50% of the population) were generally not aggressive and received only a low to moderate level of aggression. A grading trial showed that large-grade juveniles only displayed aggressive behaviour in the presence of size heterogeneity, and that medium- or small-grade juveniles did not establish an agonistic hierarchy in the absence of large individuals. A high level of aggression in the ungraded control treatment was associated with mortality of most of the small individuals. Even in the absence of aggression, the small-grade juveniles failed to gain weight or show an increase in the RNA/DNA ratio after 12 days. The large- and medium-grade larvae showed an isometric increase in RNA/DNA ratio during development, indicating that faster-growing individuals are likely the result of better food capture or processing traits rather than better protein synthesis rates. Decreasing size heterogeneity and aggression via grading mostly benefits the medium-grade individuals, as the majority of small individuals within a batch appear to be on a degenerative developmental trajectory irrespective of an aggressive environment. 15-20 individuals measured for total length or weight