Stabilisation and resuscitation with intact cord circulation is feasible using a wide variety of approaches; a scoping review

Aim: This scoping review identified studies on approaches to intact cord resuscitation and/or stabilisation (ICR/S) for neonates delivered by Caesarean section (C-section). Methods: A systematic literature search was carried out using the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane and CINAHL databases to identify papers published in English from inception to 14 November 2022. Results: We assessed 2613 studies and included 18 from 10 countries, covering 1–125 C-sections: the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, India, Italy, China, France, The Netherlands, New Zealand and Taiwan. The papers were published from 2014 to 2023, and the majority were randomised controlled trials and observational studies. Different platforms, equipment and staff positions in relation to the operating table were described. Options for resuscitation and stabilisation included different bedding and trolley approaches, and maintaining aseptic conditions was mainly addressed by the neonatal team scrubbing in. Hypothermia was prevented by using warm surfaces, polythene bags and radiant heaters. Equipment was kept easily accessible by mounting it on a trolley or a separate mobile pole. Conclusion: We could not reach definitive conclusions on the optimal method for performing ICR/S during a C-section, due to study variations. However, a number of equipment and management options appeared to be feasible approaches.